1 00:00:01,700 --> 00:00:03,101 Imagine a place 2 00:00:03,102 --> 00:00:06,705 Surrounded by glacial rock trillions 3 00:00:06,706 --> 00:00:08,907 ... a mysterious dwarf star 4 00:00:11,277 --> 00:00:16,714 A ball of magnetic bubbles Each offering 100 million miles 5 00:00:16,715 --> 00:00:22,121 Destroyed by a global war between deadly radiation fields 6 00:00:24,322 --> 00:00:27,525 That is not a distant area of ??a galaxy 7 00:00:27,526 --> 00:00:30,661 It is our creativity ... our solar system 8 00:00:30,662 --> 00:00:34,164 And what happens within it 9 00:00:34,165 --> 00:00:38,171 Separates our life or our death 10 00:00:46,455 --> 00:00:52,327 "The Ways of the Universe" 11 00:00:55,287 --> 00:00:56,788 {\ A10} over the past century 12 00:00:56,789 --> 00:00:59,858 {\ A10} Our understanding of the universe increased greatly 13 00:01:02,762 --> 00:01:05,698 We have discovered billions of stars in our galaxy 14 00:01:05,699 --> 00:01:09,935 And billions of new galaxies across the universe 15 00:01:13,039 --> 00:01:17,375 We saw black holes shooting cosmic rivals 16 00:01:17,376 --> 00:01:19,377 ... and Ngooma is a nuclear explosive 17 00:01:21,013 --> 00:01:25,384 And new planets in distant solar systems 18 00:01:25,385 --> 00:01:28,153 But when it comes to our cosmic title 19 00:01:28,154 --> 00:01:31,389 We hardly know much 20 00:01:31,390 --> 00:01:33,758 When we study space 21 00:01:33,759 --> 00:01:35,592 The closest thing to us is our solar system 22 00:01:35,593 --> 00:01:37,428 This is what we understand best 23 00:01:37,429 --> 00:01:39,764 But it is clear that we are at the beginning of the road 24 00:01:39,765 --> 00:01:42,533 We do not understand anything in our solar system 25 00:01:42,534 --> 00:01:45,202 The solar system is our home, our neighbor 26 00:01:45,203 --> 00:01:46,770 But you might be surprised to find out 27 00:01:46,771 --> 00:01:50,341 We do not really understand how wide it is 28 00:01:50,342 --> 00:01:53,211 When I was a boy, I learned 29 00:01:53,212 --> 00:01:56,014 Order of planets in the solar system 30 00:01:56,015 --> 00:01:58,282 It was the farthest planet Pluto 31 00:01:58,283 --> 00:02:00,085 The solar system stopped there 32 00:02:00,086 --> 00:02:03,288 This was completely wrong 33 00:02:03,289 --> 00:02:05,655 If you think the solar system ends 34 00:02:05,656 --> 00:02:08,592 With the end of the planets, where Neptune and Pluto 35 00:02:08,593 --> 00:02:12,131 You are missing the bigger picture 36 00:02:13,699 --> 00:02:17,269 ... We just started knowing the amazing fact 37 00:02:17,270 --> 00:02:24,608 More than ninety percent of our system The solar begins where planets end 38 00:02:24,609 --> 00:02:27,544 When the sunlight reaches this distance 39 00:02:27,545 --> 00:02:29,649 They are very weak 40 00:02:30,716 --> 00:02:32,817 But we knew there was something there 41 00:02:32,818 --> 00:02:36,019 Because he has been sending us visitors 42 00:02:36,020 --> 00:02:38,557 Comets 43 00:02:42,526 --> 00:02:47,264 It was assumed to come from a mysterious disk 44 00:02:47,265 --> 00:02:49,567 Behind the Neptune orbit 45 00:02:49,568 --> 00:02:52,538 But no one has 46 00:02:53,938 --> 00:02:56,174 The Quiber belt was theoretical 47 00:02:56,175 --> 00:02:57,674 He was believed to exist 48 00:02:57,675 --> 00:02:59,543 But he also thought it was difficult to observe 49 00:02:59,544 --> 00:03:01,079 We are talking about Agram 50 00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:03,182 It may reach 100 miles 51 00:03:03,183 --> 00:03:05,716 But it is billions of miles away 52 00:03:05,717 --> 00:03:09,086 Try to find something much smaller 53 00:03:09,087 --> 00:03:10,187 It will be extremely difficult 54 00:03:10,188 --> 00:03:11,858 No one thought of doing it 55 00:03:15,627 --> 00:03:18,729 In 1986, a team of astronomers 56 00:03:18,730 --> 00:03:21,532 "Stationed at the Muna Kia Observatory in Hawaii 57 00:03:21,533 --> 00:03:24,470 They decided to prove their mistake 58 00:03:26,271 --> 00:03:28,006 I usually store 59 00:03:28,007 --> 00:03:32,876 These observations were taken when we were watching 60 00:03:32,877 --> 00:03:35,380 I used to write a lot of things in a blog 61 00:03:35,381 --> 00:03:37,482 To try to track 62 00:03:37,483 --> 00:03:40,116 Everything that happens on top of the mountain 63 00:03:40,117 --> 00:03:42,019 Here is the name of the telescope 64 00:03:42,020 --> 00:03:44,021 , "80-inch telescope on" Mona Kia 65 00:03:44,022 --> 00:03:46,591 "Also known as" Rust Baket 66 00:03:48,393 --> 00:03:49,860 Visitors to this telescope 67 00:03:49,861 --> 00:03:51,495 They always think that it was the ugliest thing they saw 68 00:03:51,496 --> 00:03:52,562 It is brown 69 00:03:52,563 --> 00:03:54,364 Sounds like rusty 70 00:03:54,365 --> 00:03:55,532 Parts of it are rusty 71 00:03:55,533 --> 00:03:57,268 So it's a gruesome-looking telescope 72 00:03:57,269 --> 00:03:59,204 But we use it in all our work 73 00:03:59,205 --> 00:04:01,807 If they could locate a particle beyond the planets 74 00:04:01,808 --> 00:04:05,410 He must have a Kuiper Belt 75 00:04:05,411 --> 00:04:08,545 They did not find anything for six years 76 00:04:08,546 --> 00:04:09,646 It's like research 77 00:04:09,647 --> 00:04:13,116 "For a rusty coin in the state of Texas Games 00:04:13,117 --> 00:04:14,884 We spent many years 78 00:04:14,885 --> 00:04:16,820 We look for particles in the outer solar system 79 00:04:16,821 --> 00:04:20,358 Too tired Lots of disappointment 80 00:04:20,359 --> 00:04:24,029 We respect the size of the objects 81 00:04:24,030 --> 00:04:26,296 Yes we can see the stars at a distance 82 00:04:26,297 --> 00:04:28,031 Hundreds of thousands of light years 83 00:04:28,032 --> 00:04:30,134 But they are big glowing objects 84 00:04:30,135 --> 00:04:32,504 How can you see a particle that is only 100 miles wide 85 00:04:32,505 --> 00:04:33,805 Is it unclear? 86 00:04:33,806 --> 00:04:36,207 It does not produce any light visible from itself 87 00:04:36,208 --> 00:04:38,143 That's why finding these things is difficult 88 00:04:39,445 --> 00:04:42,949 The Kuiper belt particles consist mainly of ice 89 00:04:44,249 --> 00:04:48,286 So you might think it sparkles like icebergs 90 00:04:51,857 --> 00:04:54,158 We are in a volcanic country 91 00:04:54,159 --> 00:04:57,529 So most of these peaks are dark and covered with ash 92 00:04:57,530 --> 00:04:59,896 They are quite symmetrical 93 00:04:59,897 --> 00:05:02,199 "Belt particles" Kuiper 94 00:05:02,200 --> 00:05:04,000 So I wanted to get closer to this 95 00:05:04,001 --> 00:05:05,937 But my mentor told me it was huge 96 00:05:05,938 --> 00:05:08,875 We can not approach, may turn 97 00:05:10,075 --> 00:05:11,843 Well, we found a good one 98 00:05:11,844 --> 00:05:13,144 It is very dark 99 00:05:13,145 --> 00:05:14,611 Let's get up there 100 00:05:14,612 --> 00:05:17,415 Look how dark this is from the outside? 101 00:05:17,416 --> 00:05:20,517 Well, the comets are also black 102 00:05:20,518 --> 00:05:23,019 But in fact, I was tired of this 103 00:05:23,020 --> 00:05:25,757 We believe that comets are darkened by asphalt 104 00:05:25,758 --> 00:05:27,560 Black of tar 105 00:05:29,561 --> 00:05:32,031 Kuiper's dark-brown particles 106 00:05:32,032 --> 00:05:34,498 Remained hidden for half a decade 107 00:05:35,933 --> 00:05:40,504 Then on a summer night Joyce and his team monitored something 108 00:05:40,505 --> 00:05:45,310 The solar system will never be as it was 109 00:05:45,311 --> 00:05:48,545 So here you register 110 00:05:48,546 --> 00:05:50,180 Blogs we keep as we watch 111 00:05:50,181 --> 00:05:54,050 August 29, 1992 112 00:05:54,051 --> 00:05:55,385 We started as usual 113 00:05:55,386 --> 00:05:57,956 Look at the pictures that come from the telescope 114 00:05:57,957 --> 00:06:01,091 We discovered this first particle 115 00:06:01,092 --> 00:06:02,927 It was one small point 116 00:06:02,928 --> 00:06:05,596 Moving very slowly across the sky 117 00:06:05,597 --> 00:06:08,899 His path showed that he was circling the sun 118 00:06:08,900 --> 00:06:13,103 But in an orbit that takes him far behind the planets 119 00:06:13,104 --> 00:06:17,642 The orbit puts him in the mysterious "Quiber" belt 120 00:06:17,643 --> 00:06:20,110 He was moving very slowly across the sky 121 00:06:20,111 --> 00:06:22,180 That was too far away 122 00:06:22,181 --> 00:06:24,216 We realized the slow speed 123 00:06:24,217 --> 00:06:26,817 It was far beyond a particle 124 00:06:26,818 --> 00:06:29,821 It was seen in the system So solar to that point 125 00:06:32,023 --> 00:06:33,892 Here 's that blog 126 00:06:33,893 --> 00:06:35,993 "A slow moving particle ... a question mark" 127 00:06:35,994 --> 00:06:38,663 This is if the Kuiper belt is discovered there 128 00:06:38,664 --> 00:06:40,565 It was those three letters 129 00:06:40,566 --> 00:06:45,235 In a moment, the Quiber belt became real 130 00:06:45,236 --> 00:06:46,837 And so 131 00:06:46,838 --> 00:06:49,740 Our solar system is twice the size 132 00:06:49,741 --> 00:06:52,677 ... It was a scientific leap because we now have this 133 00:06:52,678 --> 00:06:54,879 This whole part of the solar system 134 00:06:54,880 --> 00:06:57,682 Which we predicted without proof 135 00:06:57,683 --> 00:06:58,717 Evidence 136 00:07:00,751 --> 00:07:03,154 "Discovery of the first particle of the belt" Kuiper 137 00:07:03,155 --> 00:07:05,156 It was a clear indication of existence 138 00:07:05,157 --> 00:07:07,358 New numbers of bodies there 139 00:07:07,359 --> 00:07:08,593 Throughout the night 140 00:07:08,594 --> 00:07:11,163 We have doubled the solar system 141 00:07:13,931 --> 00:07:15,166 The team was later known 142 00:07:15,167 --> 00:07:17,401 "On several other bodies of the belt" Quiber 143 00:07:17,402 --> 00:07:20,904 They ended up calculating the billions of particles 144 00:07:20,905 --> 00:07:24,541 Which revolves around the sun in a vast disk 145 00:07:24,542 --> 00:07:25,944 It was the first guide 146 00:07:25,945 --> 00:07:29,346 Our solar system hides us great surprises 147 00:07:29,347 --> 00:07:35,252 Far from what we thought was the end of the solar system 148 00:07:35,253 --> 00:07:37,187 "Discovery of the first particle of the belt" Kuiper 149 00:07:37,188 --> 00:07:40,257 It was a remarkable achievement 150 00:07:40,258 --> 00:07:44,127 It was a guide to the existence of a whole group 151 00:07:44,128 --> 00:07:46,497 Of the bodies in the solar system 152 00:07:46,498 --> 00:07:50,534 , Which we thought existed Then we discovered the truth 153 00:07:50,535 --> 00:07:52,670 It was a great discovery as a discovery 154 00:07:52,671 --> 00:07:54,307 Full planet for example 155 00:07:57,342 --> 00:07:59,677 Discover the Kuiper Belt 156 00:07:59,678 --> 00:08:02,214 Instantly increased the size of our solar system 157 00:08:02,215 --> 00:08:05,348 But reduced the status of one member 158 00:08:05,349 --> 00:08:08,586 Because some objects in the belt 159 00:08:08,587 --> 00:08:12,322 They were bigger than our smallest planets 160 00:08:12,323 --> 00:08:16,528 Pluto was demoted to a dwarf planet 161 00:08:18,095 --> 00:08:19,964 I really enjoyed the conflict 162 00:08:19,965 --> 00:08:21,098 About Pluto Description 163 00:08:21,099 --> 00:08:22,632 Is it a planet? Is it a dwarf planet? 164 00:08:22,633 --> 00:08:25,803 Is it something between them? It shows how interested people are 165 00:08:25,804 --> 00:08:27,070 Pluto is still charming 166 00:08:27,071 --> 00:08:29,339 Is still an important part of our solar system 167 00:08:29,340 --> 00:08:33,077 But we see him as the nearest neighbor 168 00:08:33,078 --> 00:08:34,245 Let's not get angry 169 00:08:34,246 --> 00:08:35,645 That Pluto is no longer called a planet 170 00:08:35,646 --> 00:08:38,682 Take care of the fact that Pluto is a dwarf planet 171 00:08:38,683 --> 00:08:41,686 He can teach us a lot of Things about all his new friends 172 00:08:41,687 --> 00:08:43,956 Which we discover year after year 173 00:08:44,957 --> 00:08:48,625 Pluto now has more than 1,400 brothers and sisters 174 00:08:48,626 --> 00:08:51,495 They are called plutonoids 175 00:08:51,496 --> 00:08:53,663 If Pluto was a planet, so would all plutonoids 176 00:08:53,664 --> 00:08:56,165 I have a sister, it will be difficult for her 177 00:08:56,166 --> 00:08:58,303 Try to remember all those names 178 00:09:00,672 --> 00:09:02,441 Discover the Kuiper Belt 179 00:09:02,442 --> 00:09:05,576 Open the solar system 180 00:09:05,577 --> 00:09:08,979 But it was just the beginning of our expedition 181 00:09:08,980 --> 00:09:11,116 To the outer border 182 00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:18,322 The Kuiper belt distance from the sun is fifty times longer 183 00:09:18,323 --> 00:09:20,423 From the Earth's distance from the sun 184 00:09:20,424 --> 00:09:21,891 it's huge 185 00:09:21,892 --> 00:09:23,928 But if you think the boundaries of the Kuiper belt 186 00:09:23,929 --> 00:09:25,529 Is the limits of the solar system 187 00:09:25,530 --> 00:09:27,398 You think in a shallow way 188 00:09:27,399 --> 00:09:30,067 Behind the Quiber Belt far away 189 00:09:30,068 --> 00:09:33,404 The sun was reflected in a reflective shield 190 00:09:33,405 --> 00:09:35,105 About the solar system 191 00:09:35,106 --> 00:09:37,841 Our star is waging a global war 192 00:09:37,842 --> 00:09:41,513 Against the largest weapons in the galaxy 193 00:09:41,514 --> 00:09:45,084 Our lives depend on their success 194 00:09:51,700 --> 00:09:53,200 , For a long time 195 00:09:53,201 --> 00:09:57,038 We assumed that the solar system Ends with the end of the planets 196 00:09:57,039 --> 00:09:59,841 But the Kuiper belt was discovered in the 1990s 197 00:09:59,842 --> 00:10:02,311 He multiplied the effect of the sun 198 00:10:02,312 --> 00:10:06,814 The question raised scholars "Can they go further?" 199 00:10:06,815 --> 00:10:10,318 It turned out to be true, much further 200 00:10:10,319 --> 00:10:13,354 We would not live if we could not 201 00:10:13,355 --> 00:10:16,424 If you put a Geiger counter In this room he will move 202 00:10:16,425 --> 00:10:18,391 If you put a Geiger counter in space 203 00:10:18,392 --> 00:10:19,660 Move more 204 00:10:19,661 --> 00:10:23,397 It monitors a deadly kind of radiation 205 00:10:23,398 --> 00:10:24,899 Called cosmic rays 206 00:10:24,900 --> 00:10:28,335 Cosmic rays are essentially atomic particles 207 00:10:28,336 --> 00:10:32,006 Such as helium atoms, protons and electrons 208 00:10:32,007 --> 00:10:35,108 Which jumps through space at almost the speed of light 209 00:10:35,109 --> 00:10:37,344 They can travel far distances 210 00:10:37,345 --> 00:10:39,113 Hundreds and thousands of light years 211 00:10:39,114 --> 00:10:42,284 It is clear that they are hitting us here on the ground 212 00:10:44,252 --> 00:10:47,221 Cosmic rays explode from exploding stars 213 00:10:47,222 --> 00:10:49,592 Deep in the galaxy 214 00:10:50,892 --> 00:10:53,261 They are incompatible with life 215 00:10:53,262 --> 00:10:56,329 They can tear apart the electrons 216 00:10:56,330 --> 00:10:58,065 It can really change 217 00:10:58,066 --> 00:11:02,069 The chemical arrangement of cells causes mutations 218 00:11:02,070 --> 00:11:05,439 It can kill you 219 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:08,876 If the earth was constantly hit by cosmic rays 220 00:11:08,877 --> 00:11:10,343 Without any protection 221 00:11:10,344 --> 00:11:13,780 They would not survive the advanced forms of life 222 00:11:13,781 --> 00:11:17,285 But cosmic rays rarely target us 223 00:11:17,286 --> 00:11:18,986 They rarely hit us in truth 224 00:11:18,987 --> 00:11:22,423 Clearly there is something to protect us 225 00:11:22,424 --> 00:11:26,629 Of the complete attack of cosmic rays from the universe 226 00:11:28,964 --> 00:11:30,964 It is our sun 227 00:11:30,965 --> 00:11:35,535 A reversible shield of 8.7 billion miles is made 228 00:11:35,536 --> 00:11:37,304 Towards space 229 00:11:37,305 --> 00:11:41,976 Using its solar wind 230 00:11:41,977 --> 00:11:43,243 When you think about the wind 231 00:11:43,244 --> 00:11:44,377 Think of the earth's air 232 00:11:44,378 --> 00:11:45,880 Which moves through your hair 233 00:11:45,881 --> 00:11:47,750 Solar wind is not 234 00:11:47,751 --> 00:11:50,251 It is really a torrent of high-energy particles 235 00:11:50,252 --> 00:11:52,453 It emanates from the sun, such as hydrogen 236 00:11:52,454 --> 00:11:56,058 It's real, it's billions of tons every second 237 00:11:56,059 --> 00:11:58,858 Some parts of solar wind move 238 00:11:58,859 --> 00:12:01,029 At about two million miles per hour 239 00:12:01,030 --> 00:12:02,664 Has a strong impact 240 00:12:02,665 --> 00:12:05,800 Blow beside us here on the ground 241 00:12:05,801 --> 00:12:09,104 Because the magnetic field of the earth reflects them 242 00:12:12,874 --> 00:12:15,108 Solar wind does not stop at Earth 243 00:12:15,109 --> 00:12:16,844 It's in space, it keeps moving 244 00:12:16,845 --> 00:12:18,545 It goes beyond the inner planets 245 00:12:18,546 --> 00:12:20,381 ... goes beyond the outer planets 246 00:12:20,382 --> 00:12:22,416 .... Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune 247 00:12:22,417 --> 00:12:24,318 And continue to move 248 00:12:24,319 --> 00:12:26,755 It goes beyond the Quiber belt 249 00:12:26,756 --> 00:12:28,656 Carrying the magnetic field of the sun 250 00:12:28,657 --> 00:12:31,092 3.5 billion miles away 251 00:12:31,093 --> 00:12:33,795 You make a huge defensive shield 252 00:12:33,796 --> 00:12:37,365 About the solar system is called the solar envelope 253 00:12:37,366 --> 00:12:39,268 Solar wind blows a bubble 254 00:12:39,269 --> 00:12:40,568 About our solar system 255 00:12:40,569 --> 00:12:43,337 The sun is like a big mother 256 00:12:43,338 --> 00:12:46,740 Already made a bubble of charged particles 257 00:12:46,741 --> 00:12:49,178 And the associated magnetic fields that protect us 258 00:12:49,179 --> 00:12:53,014 Of the cosmic rays that come From outside the solar system 259 00:12:53,015 --> 00:12:56,016 The next cosmic rays 260 00:12:56,017 --> 00:12:58,352 Collide with solar wind 261 00:12:58,353 --> 00:13:01,356 Most of them turn into space 262 00:13:01,357 --> 00:13:07,328 Without this draw in the spaces of space to destroy us 263 00:13:07,329 --> 00:13:08,630 Like anything else in nature 264 00:13:08,631 --> 00:13:10,598 Solar wind is a double edged sword 265 00:13:10,599 --> 00:13:13,568 They can hurt us here on the ground But it also protects us 266 00:13:13,569 --> 00:13:15,437 Of those materials 267 00:13:15,438 --> 00:13:17,671 There are many models in the universe 268 00:13:17,672 --> 00:13:18,973 Where you think nothing 269 00:13:18,974 --> 00:13:21,074 It is at first dangerous and very destructive 270 00:13:21,075 --> 00:13:22,376 It can be protective 271 00:13:22,377 --> 00:13:24,478 And solar wind one of them 272 00:13:24,479 --> 00:13:27,649 Yes, there are those particles High energy coming from the sun 273 00:13:27,650 --> 00:13:29,617 But the impact of solar wind 274 00:13:29,618 --> 00:13:31,919 Protect our entire solar system 275 00:13:31,920 --> 00:13:34,555 Of more dangerous particles 276 00:13:34,556 --> 00:13:37,223 The protective bubble is making its way 277 00:13:37,224 --> 00:13:38,892 Through dust and gases 278 00:13:38,893 --> 00:13:43,363 Where the solar system revolves I'm talking about the center of the galaxy 279 00:13:43,364 --> 00:13:46,333 They make their way as the boat moves through the water 280 00:13:46,334 --> 00:13:50,371 A wave is slowing down Solar wind to be stopped 281 00:13:50,372 --> 00:13:52,274 Where it collides with materials 282 00:13:52,275 --> 00:13:55,008 Outside the solar system, into interstellar space 283 00:13:55,009 --> 00:13:56,578 And here 284 00:13:56,579 --> 00:14:00,647 NASA explorers found the boundaries "Interstellar") or "IPX" 285 00:14:00,648 --> 00:14:04,084 On a very strange and completely unexpected phenomenon 286 00:14:04,085 --> 00:14:06,352 The mission of "Ipex" already exists 287 00:14:06,353 --> 00:14:08,990 A huge emitter of hydrogen gas 288 00:14:08,991 --> 00:14:11,460 The biggest thing we saw In our solar system so far 289 00:14:11,461 --> 00:14:13,328 It may be the result of interaction 290 00:14:13,329 --> 00:14:15,096 The magnetic field of our solar system 291 00:14:15,097 --> 00:14:18,233 With a larger magnetic field for the galaxy 292 00:14:21,435 --> 00:14:24,038 Scientists believe that interaction 293 00:14:24,039 --> 00:14:26,308 Between the solar wind of the sun and the outside 294 00:14:26,309 --> 00:14:29,142 And the interstellar medium of the galaxy's inward drive 295 00:14:29,143 --> 00:14:33,048 The particles are trapped in a huge bar 296 00:14:40,622 --> 00:14:45,193 ... The length of the ribbon is about a hundred billion miles 297 00:14:46,460 --> 00:14:51,998 Making it the largest particle in our solar system 298 00:14:51,999 --> 00:14:54,269 It's interesting to know 299 00:14:54,270 --> 00:14:57,637 For these long structures at the edge of the solar system 300 00:14:57,638 --> 00:14:59,140 Because frankly, no one expected it 301 00:14:59,141 --> 00:15:00,574 No one organized it 302 00:15:00,575 --> 00:15:03,144 So by seeing something we never expected before 303 00:15:03,145 --> 00:15:04,477 That is how we learn 304 00:15:04,478 --> 00:15:06,313 And so the flag advances 305 00:15:06,314 --> 00:15:10,184 IPEX "and its technology in the 21st century" 306 00:15:10,185 --> 00:15:14,588 Tell us amazing new things about our solar system 307 00:15:14,589 --> 00:15:18,426 But its old technique has not It was drained from the 1970s 308 00:15:18,427 --> 00:15:21,328 Has been sending the most exciting news 309 00:15:21,329 --> 00:15:23,997 Of the outer border 310 00:15:23,998 --> 00:15:26,199 After traveling for about forty years 311 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,502 Voyager continues to send messages to us 312 00:15:29,503 --> 00:15:33,875 Around the strange areas of huge magnetic bubbles 313 00:15:33,876 --> 00:15:36,776 And a high-energy giant competitor 314 00:15:36,777 --> 00:15:39,514 It explodes from our solar system 315 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:47,835 In the past few decades 316 00:15:47,836 --> 00:15:50,568 We realized that our perception of the solar system 317 00:15:50,569 --> 00:15:54,673 He was missing ninety percent of the picture 318 00:15:54,674 --> 00:15:57,409 25 years ago, we thought Pluto 319 00:15:57,410 --> 00:15:59,479 It was the limit of the planets at least in our solar system 320 00:15:59,480 --> 00:16:01,315 But we now know there is 321 00:16:01,316 --> 00:16:03,816 Many others like Pluto are there 322 00:16:03,817 --> 00:16:06,387 So the limits of the solar system have not only widened 323 00:16:06,388 --> 00:16:07,886 But we became more aware 324 00:16:07,887 --> 00:16:09,589 For our need for further learning 325 00:16:11,257 --> 00:16:12,892 Our newest eyes in the sky 326 00:16:12,893 --> 00:16:19,465 Staring in these areas The most remote of our being next door 327 00:16:19,466 --> 00:16:22,936 We are beginning to learn about the vast system of criminality 328 00:16:22,937 --> 00:16:24,703 In the outer part of our solar system 329 00:16:24,704 --> 00:16:26,338 Increasing our techniques 330 00:16:26,339 --> 00:16:29,008 We continue to discover more And more UFOs 331 00:16:29,009 --> 00:16:31,744 And our image of the reality of the solar system 332 00:16:31,745 --> 00:16:36,414 Changed as a result of our ability to improve our eyes 333 00:16:36,415 --> 00:16:39,952 But it is a very old technique that really takes us 334 00:16:39,953 --> 00:16:41,655 To those limits 335 00:16:45,592 --> 00:16:48,628 When NASA launched Voyager-A in 1977 336 00:16:48,629 --> 00:16:51,963 They thought it might work for five years 337 00:16:51,964 --> 00:16:55,768 After 37 years, this small space probe 338 00:16:55,769 --> 00:16:59,340 Still sending us amazing information 339 00:17:00,540 --> 00:17:02,042 , In August 2012 340 00:17:02,043 --> 00:17:05,578 It was 11 billion miles from Earth 341 00:17:05,579 --> 00:17:07,414 He left the solar field 342 00:17:07,415 --> 00:17:11,316 The edge of the solar system is completely mysterious 343 00:17:11,317 --> 00:17:14,654 The atmosphere of the sun 344 00:17:14,655 --> 00:17:16,956 Interstellar space 345 00:17:16,957 --> 00:17:20,828 This edge is the intersection of these two extremes 346 00:17:20,829 --> 00:17:23,396 It is a place where our neighborhood ends 347 00:17:23,397 --> 00:17:25,532 The neighborhood begins three hundred fifty 00:17:25,533 --> 00:17:28,568 "I was struck by news that" Voyager 348 00:17:28,569 --> 00:17:30,468 It was at the edge of the solar system 349 00:17:30,469 --> 00:17:32,371 This is a complete area of ??the solar system 350 00:17:32,372 --> 00:17:34,373 We hardly know anything about it 351 00:17:34,374 --> 00:17:36,543 For the first time in the history of mankind 352 00:17:36,544 --> 00:17:39,078 We have an automatic probe that lies in its center 353 00:17:39,079 --> 00:17:42,247 Measures what goes around 354 00:17:42,248 --> 00:17:44,049 It was amazing 355 00:17:44,050 --> 00:17:46,819 We can say for the first time, even a limited scope 356 00:17:46,820 --> 00:17:49,056 That human type is interstellar 357 00:17:49,057 --> 00:17:51,225 We are now out among the stars 358 00:17:53,660 --> 00:17:56,027 When our brave little probe looked between the stars 359 00:17:56,028 --> 00:17:57,929 On the solar system 360 00:17:57,930 --> 00:18:00,800 He had a surprise for us 361 00:18:00,801 --> 00:18:05,170 We thought that the solar field was in the form of a comet 362 00:18:05,171 --> 00:18:10,010 With a huge tail extending hundreds of billions of miles back 363 00:18:10,011 --> 00:18:14,581 But Voyager discovered something new and amazing 364 00:18:15,983 --> 00:18:19,653 No solar field found In the form of a giant tail 365 00:18:19,654 --> 00:18:26,226 He found a halo shape with two short sleeves 366 00:18:26,227 --> 00:18:27,793 This is a very important observation 367 00:18:27,794 --> 00:18:29,395 Because they teach us something new 368 00:18:29,396 --> 00:18:30,730 It teaches us the basic form 369 00:18:30,731 --> 00:18:32,098 Of the solar field 370 00:18:32,099 --> 00:18:34,433 I mean it's a long time We had the simplest picture 371 00:18:34,434 --> 00:18:36,936 But we have the details now We know that he has some compositions 372 00:18:36,937 --> 00:18:38,537 We can start with that 373 00:18:38,538 --> 00:18:40,439 Let us begin and begin with deep understanding 374 00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:42,242 For the area around the sun 375 00:18:42,243 --> 00:18:49,114 The tail is the wind Solar High Power 376 00:18:49,115 --> 00:18:51,783 The reason for these jets is pressure 377 00:18:51,784 --> 00:18:55,552 Or interaction between the magnetic field 378 00:18:55,553 --> 00:18:56,688 ... for the galaxy in the background and those particles 379 00:18:56,689 --> 00:19:00,060 Charged particles are fast The flow from the sun 380 00:19:01,961 --> 00:19:05,063 Voyager also sent us shocking news 381 00:19:05,064 --> 00:19:09,135 About the edge of the influence of the sun 382 00:19:09,136 --> 00:19:11,370 Perhaps the edge of the solar field is not quite clear 383 00:19:11,371 --> 00:19:12,537 It is not a dividing line 384 00:19:12,538 --> 00:19:14,274 Is not a definite end 385 00:19:14,275 --> 00:19:16,408 In fact, it is an extended area that is not clear 386 00:19:16,409 --> 00:19:19,145 It's hundreds of millions of miles away 387 00:19:19,146 --> 00:19:20,947 In the middle 388 00:19:20,948 --> 00:19:24,583 ... monitoring Voyager is something strange 389 00:19:24,584 --> 00:19:28,720 A ball of huge magnetic bubbles 390 00:19:28,721 --> 00:19:30,657 We thought the solar magnetic field 391 00:19:30,658 --> 00:19:32,658 Scattered at this point 392 00:19:32,659 --> 00:19:34,526 But this did not happen 393 00:19:34,527 --> 00:19:36,862 What they discovered was the magnetic field lines 394 00:19:36,863 --> 00:19:38,264 Of the sun has intertwined 395 00:19:38,265 --> 00:19:42,434 To make a magnetic composition foam thin bubbles 396 00:19:42,435 --> 00:19:46,171 This was a surprise, and an exciting surprise 397 00:19:46,172 --> 00:19:50,575 When the magnetic field of the sun is rippled 398 00:19:50,576 --> 00:19:52,612 It wilts and intertwined 399 00:19:54,346 --> 00:19:56,881 The lines intersect and connect again 400 00:19:56,882 --> 00:19:59,452 To be giant magnetic bubbles 401 00:20:00,954 --> 00:20:04,556 Each bubble is foamy 402 00:20:04,557 --> 00:20:07,993 With a width of about 100 million miles, and that's phenomenal 403 00:20:07,994 --> 00:20:10,231 It is the distance from the earth to the sun 404 00:20:10,232 --> 00:20:12,965 Thousands of them surround the solar system 405 00:20:12,966 --> 00:20:17,703 No one was sure what to do Those are magnetic bubbles 406 00:20:17,704 --> 00:20:19,670 But it is possible 407 00:20:19,671 --> 00:20:23,075 This is a bubble Cosmic is the first line of defense 408 00:20:23,076 --> 00:20:24,843 In front of Hungarian radiations 409 00:20:24,844 --> 00:20:27,213 It helps protect the solar system 410 00:20:27,214 --> 00:20:28,914 Of the global aggression 411 00:20:28,915 --> 00:20:31,618 Think about how much technology is different 412 00:20:31,619 --> 00:20:33,753 Since the launch of Voyager until today 413 00:20:33,754 --> 00:20:35,821 No one had a phone in his pocket 414 00:20:35,822 --> 00:20:37,956 I mean no one was even able to Make a long distance phone call 415 00:20:37,957 --> 00:20:40,391 Across the ocean without being in great distress 416 00:20:40,392 --> 00:20:42,160 But with this old technique 417 00:20:42,161 --> 00:20:43,294 We are learning now 418 00:20:43,295 --> 00:20:45,197 On the edge of the solar system 419 00:20:45,198 --> 00:20:48,501 Imagine what we will learn in the next 50 years 420 00:20:48,502 --> 00:20:50,735 Voyager "after the edge of the solar field now" 421 00:20:50,736 --> 00:20:52,938 Travel through interstellar space 422 00:20:52,939 --> 00:20:56,141 But have you already left the solar system? 423 00:20:56,142 --> 00:20:57,342 Not really 424 00:20:57,343 --> 00:20:59,277 There is a lot of solar system out there 425 00:20:59,278 --> 00:21:01,213 "To pass it" Voyager 426 00:21:01,214 --> 00:21:03,751 And will have to travel for several centuries 427 00:21:03,752 --> 00:21:07,453 And thousands of years before that The real solar system is leaving 428 00:21:11,291 --> 00:21:15,627 It 's outside the atmosphere of the sun 429 00:21:15,628 --> 00:21:18,198 But did not pass the sun's gravity 430 00:21:20,100 --> 00:21:22,400 "When we go out, we travel in Quiber Belt 431 00:21:22,401 --> 00:21:24,669 Behind the orbit of Pluto, right? This is too far 432 00:21:24,670 --> 00:21:27,607 Beyond that, we have the edge of the solar field 433 00:21:27,608 --> 00:21:29,140 The area of ??the magnetic field of the sun 434 00:21:29,141 --> 00:21:31,510 So you might think you're at the end of the solar system 435 00:21:31,511 --> 00:21:34,548 But guess There are still things 436 00:21:34,549 --> 00:21:37,750 Are related to our solar system 437 00:21:40,387 --> 00:21:42,021 ,From time to time 438 00:21:42,022 --> 00:21:45,326 Something sends those things accelerating towards the sun 439 00:21:45,327 --> 00:21:49,796 The earth may turn its way 440 00:21:57,903 --> 00:22:00,505 In the far reaches of the solar system 441 00:22:00,506 --> 00:22:04,909 Far from the solar field 442 00:22:04,910 --> 00:22:06,312 We are blind 443 00:22:06,313 --> 00:22:08,680 We can not see in this dimension 444 00:22:08,681 --> 00:22:12,918 But sometimes messengers come from behind 445 00:22:12,919 --> 00:22:17,190 Deadly Messengers .. Comets 446 00:22:26,032 --> 00:22:27,800 There are essentially two comets 447 00:22:27,801 --> 00:22:30,069 There are short comets 448 00:22:30,070 --> 00:22:32,204 The other type of comets are long cycle 449 00:22:32,205 --> 00:22:35,707 "Comets come short-circuited from Quiber's belt 450 00:22:35,708 --> 00:22:39,076 This disc is the remnants of space beyond the planets 451 00:22:39,077 --> 00:22:41,179 She travels around the solar system 452 00:22:41,180 --> 00:22:43,282 In relatively small circles 453 00:22:43,283 --> 00:22:47,921 Returns at regular intervals every 200 years or less 454 00:22:52,025 --> 00:22:55,461 Long comets are more mysterious 455 00:22:57,730 --> 00:22:59,966 Comets may return a long cycle 456 00:22:59,967 --> 00:23:01,501 Almost every thousand years 457 00:23:01,502 --> 00:23:02,533 Or even every million years 458 00:23:02,534 --> 00:23:04,102 Unlike short-comets comets 459 00:23:04,103 --> 00:23:06,037 Which come in circles 460 00:23:06,038 --> 00:23:08,239 Long comets come in rotary orbits 461 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:09,609 They can come 462 00:23:09,610 --> 00:23:12,111 From everywhere and from different directions 463 00:23:14,014 --> 00:23:18,819 This tells us that they come from a different place 464 00:23:21,621 --> 00:23:24,188 We think the comets are long cycle come from place 465 00:23:24,189 --> 00:23:25,824 ,Too far 466 00:23:25,825 --> 00:23:27,825 It is very much like a spherical cloud 467 00:23:27,826 --> 00:23:29,829 For things too far away 468 00:23:29,830 --> 00:23:33,966 Which rush towards the sun all the time 469 00:23:33,967 --> 00:23:36,770 When the culprit approaches, the sun warms it up 470 00:23:36,771 --> 00:23:40,406 The ice turns to gas, and the comet loses a mass 471 00:23:40,407 --> 00:23:43,108 Over time, those comets will disappear 472 00:23:43,109 --> 00:23:44,778 But it continues to come 473 00:23:44,779 --> 00:23:47,581 This confirms her stock there 474 00:23:49,015 --> 00:23:52,784 But where is there? Where do you come from? 475 00:23:52,785 --> 00:23:54,920 One of the explanations of these strange comets 476 00:23:54,921 --> 00:23:57,422 It's probably not our solar system 477 00:23:57,423 --> 00:23:59,958 The galaxy may be filled with snow 478 00:23:59,959 --> 00:24:02,093 Which sometimes flows on us 479 00:24:02,094 --> 00:24:03,495 Then we thought 480 00:24:03,496 --> 00:24:06,532 They probably come from another part of the solar system 481 00:24:06,533 --> 00:24:10,235 Perhaps our solar system is surrounded 482 00:24:10,236 --> 00:24:12,138 A reel of waste 483 00:24:12,139 --> 00:24:15,107 ... from the early days of its formation 484 00:24:15,108 --> 00:24:17,176 "Ort cloud" 485 00:24:17,177 --> 00:24:20,379 It has been assumed to have a stock 486 00:24:20,380 --> 00:24:23,282 A huge cloud surrounds the solar system in millions 487 00:24:23,283 --> 00:24:27,419 Billions, or even trillions of those snow bodies 488 00:24:27,420 --> 00:24:30,856 But we never saw it 489 00:24:30,857 --> 00:24:32,024 Ort cloud 490 00:24:32,025 --> 00:24:34,793 This is the default group Of comets, are those objects 491 00:24:34,794 --> 00:24:35,660 It's virtual 492 00:24:35,661 --> 00:24:37,896 Not observed at all 493 00:24:37,897 --> 00:24:40,331 The bodies in the Ort cloud are very far away 494 00:24:40,332 --> 00:24:41,499 Small and very dim 495 00:24:41,500 --> 00:24:43,467 So that we never noticed anything 496 00:24:43,468 --> 00:24:45,070 There is in the Ort cloud 497 00:24:45,071 --> 00:24:47,106 Something must fall 498 00:24:47,107 --> 00:24:48,540 To see things fall 499 00:24:48,541 --> 00:24:50,476 Of all those different angles 500 00:24:50,477 --> 00:24:54,415 From there, you can figure out what is there 501 00:24:56,883 --> 00:25:01,320 But the aggregation of huge numbers to build the Ort cloud 502 00:25:01,321 --> 00:25:03,956 Is a very difficult task 503 00:25:03,957 --> 00:25:06,958 You need a powerful computer 504 00:25:06,959 --> 00:25:08,996 "Luckily there is Kevin Walsh 505 00:25:11,497 --> 00:25:14,100 We are here in the heart of a modern supercomputer 506 00:25:14,101 --> 00:25:16,334 On those pregnant thousands of processors 507 00:25:16,335 --> 00:25:18,838 Working day and night to analyze computer models 508 00:25:18,839 --> 00:25:21,308 To understand the evolution of our solar system 509 00:25:21,309 --> 00:25:23,142 And what is there in the edge 510 00:25:24,410 --> 00:25:27,245 "Here's the supercomputer" Janus 511 00:25:27,246 --> 00:25:29,549 "In" Boulder - Colorado 512 00:25:29,550 --> 00:25:31,483 In supercomputers like this 513 00:25:31,484 --> 00:25:33,851 There are thousands of processors 514 00:25:33,852 --> 00:25:36,354 Tens of thousands of competing nuclei 515 00:25:36,355 --> 00:25:39,190 You can do more than One hundred trillion accounts per second 516 00:25:39,191 --> 00:25:41,127 In such a machine 517 00:25:41,128 --> 00:25:42,328 We need this 518 00:25:42,329 --> 00:25:44,629 If we want to try to understand the evolution 519 00:25:44,630 --> 00:25:47,166 Hundreds of millions of comets over billions of years 520 00:25:47,167 --> 00:25:48,801 Compare what I can do with a paper 521 00:25:48,802 --> 00:25:50,504 There is no comparison 522 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:56,168 Using a super computer 523 00:25:56,169 --> 00:25:59,805 Astronomers can start assembling an image 524 00:25:59,806 --> 00:26:02,540 Of the large invisible cloud 525 00:26:02,541 --> 00:26:05,643 ... and start with what we can see 526 00:26:05,644 --> 00:26:08,147 Comets that rush toward the sun 527 00:26:08,148 --> 00:26:11,284 We will not see the Ort cloud unless a guilty person comes 528 00:26:11,285 --> 00:26:16,790 So we need to estimate times One comes right 529 00:26:14,121 --> 00:26:16,790 530 00:26:16,791 --> 00:26:19,123 Which will make it pass close to the sun 531 00:26:19,124 --> 00:26:20,526 We can observe it 532 00:26:20,527 --> 00:26:22,795 , We can then reverse and say 533 00:26:22,796 --> 00:26:26,265 We see one in ten " "Years of about the same size 534 00:26:26,266 --> 00:26:29,301 Then we say, "For this, there must be billions 535 00:26:29,302 --> 00:26:32,371 "And billions of them make the cloud of Ort 536 00:26:32,372 --> 00:26:37,075 Accounts show that the Ort cloud 537 00:26:37,076 --> 00:26:40,412 It hosts up to a trillion of ice 538 00:26:40,413 --> 00:26:44,117 Stretching very far from the edge of the solar field 539 00:26:45,652 --> 00:26:47,120 Hard to calculate 540 00:26:47,121 --> 00:26:50,389 Extent of the Ort cloud 541 00:26:50,390 --> 00:26:52,824 But perhaps its edge 542 00:26:52,825 --> 00:26:57,028 Beyond the sun ten thousand Time from the Earth's distance to the sun 543 00:26:57,029 --> 00:27:01,867 Trillion miles .. one followed by twelve zero 544 00:27:01,868 --> 00:27:04,436 It is very huge ... very vast ... much wider 545 00:27:04,437 --> 00:27:06,572 , Of the solar planetary system 546 00:27:06,573 --> 00:27:09,676 So that if you remove all the planets from the sun 547 00:27:09,677 --> 00:27:12,078 Will not be affected until the Ort cloud 548 00:27:12,079 --> 00:27:13,711 How exactly 549 00:27:13,712 --> 00:27:16,449 Do the snowy clouds come here? 550 00:27:16,450 --> 00:27:18,382 A comic way of thinking about the Ort cloud 551 00:27:18,383 --> 00:27:21,754 They are the parts of the planets that are never used 552 00:27:21,755 --> 00:27:23,522 It's already wasteful 553 00:27:23,523 --> 00:27:26,726 The Ort cloud did not come as an original 554 00:27:26,727 --> 00:27:27,759 If true 555 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:30,028 The Ort cloud formed when they tried 556 00:27:30,029 --> 00:27:32,730 But they failed to enroll in training 557 00:27:32,731 --> 00:27:34,766 To become giant planets 558 00:27:34,767 --> 00:27:37,236 In contrast, it was thrown in all directions 559 00:27:37,237 --> 00:27:39,438 It is now halfway to the next star 560 00:27:39,439 --> 00:27:41,140 It is a giant spherical spread 561 00:27:41,141 --> 00:27:46,845 4.6 billion years ago, our sun lit up 562 00:27:46,846 --> 00:27:51,182 A cloud of dust and gas revolves around the newborn star 563 00:27:51,183 --> 00:27:53,286 Then gravity began to work 564 00:27:53,287 --> 00:27:56,288 Attracts gas, dust, ice and rocks 565 00:27:56,289 --> 00:27:59,290 To be the nascent planets 566 00:27:59,291 --> 00:28:01,727 The planets formed from structural units 567 00:28:01,728 --> 00:28:03,129 ... smaller parts of materials 568 00:28:03,130 --> 00:28:07,132 Rocks and ice 569 00:28:07,133 --> 00:28:09,067 Materials have come together over time 570 00:28:10,103 --> 00:28:12,805 Rampage of rotating materials 571 00:28:12,806 --> 00:28:17,008 Behind the remains on the body Rocky ruins in the asteroid belt 572 00:28:17,009 --> 00:28:19,911 Ice in the Quiber belt 573 00:28:19,912 --> 00:28:22,980 Then Neptune and Uranus participated in the event 574 00:28:22,981 --> 00:28:25,051 Lenathan rubble farther away 575 00:28:25,052 --> 00:28:27,119 But think about what happened 576 00:28:27,120 --> 00:28:29,254 ... when there are bodies falling together 577 00:28:29,255 --> 00:28:32,425 All kinds of small rocks under the influence of gravity 578 00:28:32,426 --> 00:28:35,760 Some will push around the planet 579 00:28:35,761 --> 00:28:37,562 The space is tossed away 580 00:28:37,563 --> 00:28:40,233 Most of them were thrown out of the solar system forever 581 00:28:40,234 --> 00:28:41,533 Which did not happen to it 582 00:28:41,534 --> 00:28:44,336 Continued in those circular orbits A million miles long 583 00:28:44,337 --> 00:28:46,171 This is the Ort cloud 584 00:28:46,172 --> 00:28:47,905 Billions of snow rocks 585 00:28:47,906 --> 00:28:49,909 It was tossed in all directions 586 00:28:49,910 --> 00:28:55,514 Until it formed a ball of snakes Around the entire solar system 587 00:28:55,515 --> 00:28:56,715 Orbit cloud comets 588 00:28:56,716 --> 00:28:58,752 Are the bones of the dinosaurs to form the solar system 589 00:28:58,753 --> 00:29:00,853 Contains ingredients 590 00:29:00,854 --> 00:29:02,755 Which met to form planets 591 00:29:02,756 --> 00:29:05,457 It is a time capsule than the solar system 592 00:29:05,458 --> 00:29:09,027 4.5 billion years ago 593 00:29:09,028 --> 00:29:11,162 Most of the Ort cloud 594 00:29:11,163 --> 00:29:13,431 You will stay in this snowy cloud forever 595 00:29:13,432 --> 00:29:15,834 It revolves around the distant sun 596 00:29:15,835 --> 00:29:18,069 But some will fail 597 00:29:18,070 --> 00:29:23,775 Attracted by the sun's gravity Inwardly as furniture is attracted by glare 598 00:29:23,776 --> 00:29:25,478 A guilty person may sneak into you 599 00:29:25,479 --> 00:29:26,979 Without even knowing its existence 600 00:29:36,722 --> 00:29:38,757 These comets may be several miles wide 601 00:29:38,758 --> 00:29:41,059 It moves very fast 602 00:29:41,060 --> 00:29:43,628 Sometimes even a hundred miles per second 603 00:29:43,629 --> 00:29:45,732 This makes them very dangerous 604 00:29:45,733 --> 00:29:48,468 How serious is it? Ask Dinosaura 605 00:29:50,169 --> 00:29:52,604 Some people believe that a huge collision 606 00:29:52,605 --> 00:29:53,972 Who wiped dinosaurs 607 00:29:53,973 --> 00:29:58,244 Perhaps caused by a huge comet of Ort cloud 608 00:30:01,413 --> 00:30:04,048 It can be dangerous 609 00:30:04,049 --> 00:30:07,552 Like asteroids that we considered Responsible for the extinction of the earth 610 00:30:07,553 --> 00:30:10,555 Comets fall from a very distant place 611 00:30:10,556 --> 00:30:12,790 So it moves faster than asteroids 612 00:30:12,791 --> 00:30:15,494 This is why their collisions are larger 613 00:30:17,130 --> 00:30:19,898 Even if a small particle displays a mile or two 614 00:30:19,899 --> 00:30:22,101 It may cause a lot of destruction 615 00:30:22,102 --> 00:30:23,803 But many of the Ort cloud comets 616 00:30:23,804 --> 00:30:26,171 Which come to the inner solar system is very huge 617 00:30:26,172 --> 00:30:28,739 Imagine if he were one of them 618 00:30:28,740 --> 00:30:32,778 With a width of thirty or fifty miles, it will be a global disaster 619 00:30:36,415 --> 00:30:39,116 We have no warning 620 00:30:39,117 --> 00:30:40,919 Because we have no idea 621 00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:45,025 For the substance that is thrown from the cloud Ort us 622 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:49,761 Our enemy may be remote 623 00:30:49,762 --> 00:30:53,265 The biggest secrets of the solar system 624 00:30:53,266 --> 00:30:55,933 A wicked twin of our sun 625 00:30:55,934 --> 00:31:00,139 ... a second star within our solar system 626 00:31:00,140 --> 00:31:02,342 "Nemesis" = "our enemy" 627 00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:11,969 We have updated our virtual knowledge 628 00:31:11,970 --> 00:31:13,302 Of the solar system 629 00:31:13,303 --> 00:31:16,339 To about 9 trillion miles after the planets 630 00:31:16,340 --> 00:31:19,675 But we are still working in the dark 631 00:31:19,676 --> 00:31:22,212 "Carl Sagan said." We are in the Magellanic era 632 00:31:22,213 --> 00:31:24,013 "We are not in the era of Columbus" 633 00:31:24,014 --> 00:31:25,182 What does this mean? 634 00:31:25,183 --> 00:31:26,916 I mean we know the basic parameters 635 00:31:26,917 --> 00:31:28,719 , For our solar system We know the planets 636 00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:30,788 We know of the Kuiper belt and the Ort cloud 637 00:31:30,789 --> 00:31:32,155 But we do not know the details 638 00:31:32,156 --> 00:31:34,592 We did not actually visit one of those places 639 00:31:34,593 --> 00:31:36,061 We do not know geography 640 00:31:36,062 --> 00:31:38,394 So we are currently filling the map 641 00:31:38,395 --> 00:31:39,997 We have developed 642 00:31:39,998 --> 00:31:43,467 , The presence of about two trillion in the Ort cloud 643 00:31:43,468 --> 00:31:46,103 A ball of waste 644 00:31:46,104 --> 00:31:47,805 , Of the composition of the solar system 645 00:31:47,806 --> 00:31:49,673 And occasionally 646 00:31:49,674 --> 00:31:53,876 One of these objects drips on us 647 00:31:53,877 --> 00:31:58,682 The important question is, why does one decide to come suddenly? 648 00:31:58,683 --> 00:31:59,817 What worries her? 649 00:31:59,818 --> 00:32:01,685 What drives them to fall 650 00:32:01,686 --> 00:32:03,620 And approach the inner solar system? 651 00:32:03,621 --> 00:32:04,956 There are so many different ideas 652 00:32:04,957 --> 00:32:06,289 For that reason 653 00:32:06,290 --> 00:32:09,760 Some found signs of a series of disasters 654 00:32:09,761 --> 00:32:11,929 Which virtually wiped out life on Earth 655 00:32:11,930 --> 00:32:14,765 The fossil record appeared in the presence 656 00:32:14,766 --> 00:32:17,433 Periodic series of mass extinctions 657 00:32:17,434 --> 00:32:19,804 Every 26 million years 658 00:32:19,805 --> 00:32:21,806 It seems to be something 659 00:32:21,807 --> 00:32:26,176 He was hit by a cloud of Ort Periodically dispersing comets 660 00:32:26,177 --> 00:32:28,744 Which opens up fierce prospects 661 00:32:28,745 --> 00:32:30,146 When we look at the stars 662 00:32:30,147 --> 00:32:33,083 Note that most of them are in pairs 663 00:32:33,084 --> 00:32:35,786 Sometimes they may be Very far apart 664 00:32:35,787 --> 00:32:38,323 It may take up to millions Years to turn around 665 00:32:38,324 --> 00:32:40,523 So the question seems normal 666 00:32:40,524 --> 00:32:42,092 The sun is a companion 667 00:32:42,093 --> 00:32:45,895 Did not we discover some for his distance? 668 00:32:45,896 --> 00:32:48,097 It is amazing to think that to the sun 669 00:32:48,098 --> 00:32:49,933 Brother or sister at the moment 670 00:32:49,934 --> 00:32:52,603 Because we know that more Of half the stars in our galaxy 671 00:32:52,604 --> 00:32:53,904 -100 billion stars- 672 00:32:53,905 --> 00:32:56,473 In binary, triple or quadruple systems 673 00:32:56,474 --> 00:32:59,076 So the only star is an exception 674 00:32:59,077 --> 00:33:02,645 Is this distant star responsible 675 00:33:02,646 --> 00:33:05,147 About Ort cloud cloud? 676 00:33:05,148 --> 00:33:08,019 What may have happened is that every 26 million years 677 00:33:08,020 --> 00:33:11,622 This partner star crosses the Ort cloud 678 00:33:11,623 --> 00:33:13,289 The orbits are down 679 00:33:13,290 --> 00:33:15,424 Comets are pushed in all directions 680 00:33:15,425 --> 00:33:18,028 Some come to the inner solar system 681 00:33:18,029 --> 00:33:21,165 It hits the ground and causes collective destruction 682 00:33:24,235 --> 00:33:28,638 The name of this dangerous double star 683 00:33:28,639 --> 00:33:30,640 "Sun partner is" Nemesis 684 00:33:35,747 --> 00:33:38,417 Nemesis has its problems 685 00:33:38,418 --> 00:33:41,550 The attraction of the mysterious star that you are sure 686 00:33:41,551 --> 00:33:43,186 By passing the Ort cloud 687 00:33:43,187 --> 00:33:45,088 Comets may be sent periodically 688 00:33:45,089 --> 00:33:47,692 Rushing towards the sun and the earth 689 00:33:47,693 --> 00:33:51,760 But if the sun had a companion star 690 00:33:51,761 --> 00:33:54,131 It should be easily visible 691 00:33:54,132 --> 00:33:56,732 "You think if that star" Nemesis 692 00:33:56,733 --> 00:33:58,202 It should be visible 693 00:33:58,203 --> 00:33:59,469 Stars are of course bright 694 00:33:59,470 --> 00:34:02,739 But the theory here is that Nemesis is a dwarf star 695 00:34:02,740 --> 00:34:04,240 Maybe he's a brown dwarf 696 00:34:04,241 --> 00:34:05,942 It will be very small 697 00:34:05,943 --> 00:34:08,913 That is why it is hardly bright 698 00:34:10,081 --> 00:34:13,783 The brown dwarf is not a star or a planet 699 00:34:13,784 --> 00:34:15,285 It's something between them 700 00:34:15,286 --> 00:34:19,356 A lean star never lighted 701 00:34:19,357 --> 00:34:21,758 The stars light up when gravity is crushed 702 00:34:21,759 --> 00:34:24,395 Pull the vast hydrogen gas together 703 00:34:24,396 --> 00:34:27,231 High pressures and temperatures are generated 704 00:34:27,232 --> 00:34:29,531 If there is not enough gas 705 00:34:29,532 --> 00:34:33,437 There will not be enough gravity to ignite a nuclear fire 706 00:34:33,438 --> 00:34:34,738 He did not become a star 707 00:34:34,739 --> 00:34:37,040 On the other hand, it is bigger than the buyer 708 00:34:37,041 --> 00:34:40,944 One on a thousandth of the mass of the sun 709 00:34:40,945 --> 00:34:45,749 These things are heating up But does not explode like the star does 710 00:34:45,750 --> 00:34:48,250 It is hard to see because it is too dark 711 00:34:48,251 --> 00:34:52,221 But may contain a large block 712 00:34:52,222 --> 00:34:55,258 There is a dwarf built somewhere in there 713 00:34:55,259 --> 00:34:59,028 Comets drive us in equal intervals? 714 00:34:59,029 --> 00:35:03,399 The brown dwarf run for these The degree will be blind to us to see 715 00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:07,604 But it will be hot enough We can find it using infrared 716 00:35:07,605 --> 00:35:08,906 With infrared telescopes 717 00:35:08,907 --> 00:35:10,874 Heat can capture something 718 00:35:10,875 --> 00:35:12,776 Even if it does not send a light 719 00:35:12,777 --> 00:35:14,678 Something like brown dwarf 720 00:35:14,679 --> 00:35:17,513 Even if it does not glow with visible light 721 00:35:17,514 --> 00:35:19,348 It must produce heat 722 00:35:19,349 --> 00:35:23,720 There are always flights that wipe the entire sky 723 00:35:23,721 --> 00:35:27,024 If there were a dwarf aged four billion years 724 00:35:27,025 --> 00:35:30,127 Somewhere near the sun you will be spotted 725 00:35:30,128 --> 00:35:32,828 "So far, Nemesis has not been found 726 00:35:32,829 --> 00:35:35,832 If there was no star "Nemesis" there 727 00:35:35,833 --> 00:35:38,602 Is there anything else that messes with the Ort cloud? 728 00:35:38,603 --> 00:35:42,506 Another theory assumes a relatively large planet 729 00:35:42,507 --> 00:35:46,944 The size of the earth, for example It runs far behind Neptune 730 00:35:46,945 --> 00:35:48,946 But monitoring a planet with this dimension 731 00:35:48,947 --> 00:35:53,015 Harder than monitoring a dwarf star 732 00:35:53,016 --> 00:35:56,086 The farther the planet was from the sun, the darker it was 733 00:35:56,087 --> 00:35:57,655 And more difficult to see 734 00:35:57,656 --> 00:36:00,790 So there may be a planet the size of the earth 735 00:36:00,791 --> 00:36:03,459 The sun is several billion miles away 736 00:36:03,460 --> 00:36:06,597 It will be invisible to our current encounters 737 00:36:11,603 --> 00:36:15,372 There is still an opportunity to have something the size of the earth 738 00:36:15,373 --> 00:36:16,774 , Away in the Ort cloud 739 00:36:16,775 --> 00:36:18,443 He moves the bodies 740 00:36:19,978 --> 00:36:23,747 "This was the last nail in the coffin of Nimes' theory 741 00:36:23,748 --> 00:36:27,183 We may never know what to say 742 00:36:27,184 --> 00:36:29,685 Ort cloud objects from orbit 743 00:36:29,686 --> 00:36:32,022 But it's not the only one there 744 00:36:34,159 --> 00:36:37,394 We still do not know where the solar system ends 745 00:36:37,395 --> 00:36:39,062 Search for the edge of the solar system 746 00:36:39,063 --> 00:36:40,930 Helps us with a bigger problem 747 00:36:40,931 --> 00:36:42,899 To understand the entire solar system 748 00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:45,135 How do you realize the whole solar system 749 00:36:45,136 --> 00:36:46,970 Without revealing his edge? 750 00:36:46,971 --> 00:36:50,307 Probably the biggest puzzle ever 751 00:36:50,308 --> 00:36:53,209 That our sun has many particles 752 00:36:53,210 --> 00:36:56,747 It roams the universe more than its fair share 753 00:36:56,748 --> 00:36:59,549 Probably because our sun is a thief 754 00:36:59,550 --> 00:37:04,687 She stole her sisters and brothers in the womb of the universe 755 00:37:04,688 --> 00:37:07,658 But those extra particles May be our ticket to get out 756 00:37:07,659 --> 00:37:11,229 When the sun turns the heat on us 757 00:37:19,270 --> 00:37:20,602 25 years ago 758 00:37:20,603 --> 00:37:22,640 The solar system had nine planets in front of our eyes 759 00:37:22,641 --> 00:37:26,010 It is seven billion miles wide 760 00:37:26,011 --> 00:37:29,245 We now know that it is a thousand times bigger 761 00:37:29,246 --> 00:37:31,580 And display more than three light years 762 00:37:31,581 --> 00:37:36,386 The more we look at it, the more it expands 763 00:37:36,387 --> 00:37:39,089 It expands greatly 764 00:37:39,090 --> 00:37:43,959 Somehow we took our order Solar materials too much 765 00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:47,531 Theoretically, we can calculate the number of comets that have been formed 766 00:37:47,532 --> 00:37:49,866 When the solar system itself 767 00:37:49,867 --> 00:37:51,468 Then we can look 768 00:37:51,469 --> 00:37:52,998 To the number of comets coming from the Ort cloud 769 00:37:52,999 --> 00:37:55,104 We try to find out who is actually there 770 00:37:55,105 --> 00:37:57,240 It is clear that the two figures are quite far apart 771 00:37:57,241 --> 00:37:59,508 The number of comets formed with the sun 772 00:37:59,509 --> 00:38:01,144 Much less 773 00:38:01,145 --> 00:38:03,879 Of the number of comets that we find there 774 00:38:03,880 --> 00:38:07,283 There is a huge amount of material in the Ort cloud 775 00:38:07,284 --> 00:38:11,388 To belong to one medium size star 776 00:38:11,389 --> 00:38:14,959 The only way to balance Two digits if the sun 777 00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:17,627 Thief when she was formed 778 00:38:17,628 --> 00:38:20,997 Five billion years ago 779 00:38:20,998 --> 00:38:25,002 A great storm burst, sending a shock wave 780 00:38:25,003 --> 00:38:27,770 Across a huge cloud of dust and gas 781 00:38:27,771 --> 00:38:32,107 She pressed the cloud .. Producing zones of dense gas 782 00:38:32,108 --> 00:38:34,310 Star Nursery 783 00:38:34,311 --> 00:38:36,479 Hundreds of pockets of gases are compressed 784 00:38:36,480 --> 00:38:37,914 Under its appeal 785 00:38:37,915 --> 00:38:43,352 To be hundreds of sister stars 786 00:38:43,353 --> 00:38:44,453 We believe that the sun has formed 787 00:38:44,454 --> 00:38:46,289 With brothers and sisters in clusters 788 00:38:46,290 --> 00:38:48,857 We believe that the sun has formed in a cluster 789 00:38:48,858 --> 00:38:50,493 With 400 or 500 other stars 790 00:38:50,494 --> 00:38:52,461 If we could picture the composition of those stars 791 00:38:52,462 --> 00:38:55,330 They are very small compared to the distance between them 792 00:38:55,331 --> 00:38:57,566 But its cloud of comets is very large 793 00:38:57,567 --> 00:39:01,671 So comets can be stolen from them 794 00:39:01,672 --> 00:39:04,573 , The sun was smart She walked away when she was at the front 795 00:39:04,574 --> 00:39:06,475 I got a bunch of comets from other stars 796 00:39:06,476 --> 00:39:09,278 Then she went on her way 797 00:39:09,279 --> 00:39:12,115 Some of the objects that are now around us from afar 798 00:39:12,116 --> 00:39:14,684 She may have come from those other young stars 799 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:16,836 Competing global brothers 800 00:39:16,837 --> 00:39:18,671 It may still be happening now 801 00:39:18,672 --> 00:39:22,175 We may steal the bodies of our brothers and sisters 802 00:39:22,176 --> 00:39:26,377 While deviating from the cloud of our Ort 803 00:39:26,378 --> 00:39:28,646 The nearest star is the Ort cloud 804 00:39:28,647 --> 00:39:29,548 Against the solar system 805 00:39:29,549 --> 00:39:30,682 The Centaur Man 806 00:39:30,683 --> 00:39:32,917 There may be another Ort cloud 807 00:39:32,918 --> 00:39:34,287 About the centaur man 808 00:39:34,288 --> 00:39:36,153 There may be objects interchangeable 809 00:39:36,154 --> 00:39:37,455 Between the two stars 810 00:39:37,456 --> 00:39:40,892 Midway between these two stars we found 811 00:39:40,893 --> 00:39:42,961 The true edge of our solar system 812 00:39:42,962 --> 00:39:45,729 And what happens at the edge 813 00:39:45,730 --> 00:39:48,667 It may be bad news for us 814 00:39:48,668 --> 00:39:51,002 It may be for the centaur man Effect on life here on earth 815 00:39:51,003 --> 00:39:54,006 Perhaps this star has particles around it 816 00:39:54,007 --> 00:39:56,742 In the Ort cloud its effect is attractive 817 00:39:56,743 --> 00:39:57,910 On our Ort cloud 818 00:39:57,911 --> 00:40:00,646 When something falls, it may be a result 819 00:40:00,647 --> 00:40:02,881 The effect of our nearest star 820 00:40:02,882 --> 00:40:05,850 This means it is not an edge 821 00:40:05,851 --> 00:40:08,720 Tightening and attracting not only infinite 822 00:40:08,721 --> 00:40:12,858 We humans like the edges of the separator like the border 823 00:40:12,859 --> 00:40:14,859 But the solar system is not 824 00:40:14,860 --> 00:40:17,329 It is fading 825 00:40:17,330 --> 00:40:20,798 It mixes in the galaxy as a whole 826 00:40:20,799 --> 00:40:23,934 , The sun does not live alone As well as our Ort cloud 827 00:40:23,935 --> 00:40:26,303 We interact constantly, in this way 828 00:40:26,304 --> 00:40:28,539 We are linked to a larger environment 829 00:40:28,540 --> 00:40:30,209 Milky Way 830 00:40:30,210 --> 00:40:33,111 This mystery may remind us 831 00:40:33,112 --> 00:40:35,613 Out of the solar system 832 00:40:35,614 --> 00:40:37,883 When the solar system ends 833 00:40:37,884 --> 00:40:40,818 There may be an end to the outside 834 00:40:40,819 --> 00:40:43,856 And the beginning of a new journey 835 00:40:47,092 --> 00:40:49,760 One of the fun things about knowing 836 00:40:49,761 --> 00:40:52,196 Install our solar system 837 00:40:52,197 --> 00:40:54,733 There are lots of other objects 838 00:40:54,734 --> 00:40:56,968 Which we can use as resources 839 00:40:56,969 --> 00:41:00,305 We go out into interstellar space 840 00:41:00,306 --> 00:41:02,742 There are rocks, there is ice 841 00:41:02,743 --> 00:41:05,843 Maybe we can refuel Our space vehicle when we pass 842 00:41:05,844 --> 00:41:08,180 Perhaps something as distant and fluffy as the Ort cloud 843 00:41:08,181 --> 00:41:10,749 Be our next trip 844 00:41:10,750 --> 00:41:13,954 Let's actually explore the galaxy 845 00:41:19,759 --> 00:41:22,560 We have a lot to learn about the solar system 846 00:41:22,561 --> 00:41:25,897 With many new surprises to explore 847 00:41:25,898 --> 00:41:28,367 Each time we open a new window on the universe 848 00:41:28,368 --> 00:41:30,468 We are surprised, and that's what excites me 849 00:41:30,469 --> 00:41:33,338 I wake up every morning and am surprised if I am not surprised 850 00:41:33,339 --> 00:41:36,140 And by opening up new technologies 851 00:41:36,141 --> 00:41:39,510 Our understanding of what is there also opens 852 00:41:39,511 --> 00:41:41,146 We build better platforms 853 00:41:41,147 --> 00:41:42,881 We send probes to space 854 00:41:42,882 --> 00:41:44,415 We have a lot to learn 855 00:41:44,416 --> 00:41:46,318 This is a really exciting part 856 00:41:46,319 --> 00:41:48,352 Our new eyes of the universe 857 00:41:48,353 --> 00:41:51,990 Show our solar system in a completely new window 858 00:41:51,991 --> 00:41:56,160 We are slowly gathering complex links 859 00:41:56,161 --> 00:42:01,798 Which connects it to our lives and to the color behind them 860 00:42:01,799 --> 00:42:05,069 Every discovery we do about the universe tells us 861 00:42:05,070 --> 00:42:06,772 There is no solar system like an island 862 00:42:06,773 --> 00:42:10,010 So that the materials come from outside and come inside 863 00:42:10,011 --> 00:42:11,843 And graduated from the inside out 864 00:42:11,844 --> 00:42:15,046 And when we gnaw at the outer edges of our solar system 865 00:42:15,047 --> 00:42:19,184 We change what we mean by the solar system 866 00:42:19,185 --> 00:42:21,785 We are taking the first steps outside the planet 867 00:42:21,786 --> 00:42:23,722 And start looking at our environment 868 00:42:23,723 --> 00:42:24,958 This is very structured 869 00:42:26,159 --> 00:42:28,794 The sun is like one voice 870 00:42:28,795 --> 00:42:32,263 In a large chorus of hundreds of billions of other stars 871 00:42:32,264 --> 00:42:34,600 And their own solar systems 872 00:42:35,902 --> 00:42:38,470 I find it emotionally true 873 00:42:38,471 --> 00:42:43,608 We are part of the larger population there 874 00:42:43,609 --> 00:42:47,211 To believe we found everything in our solar system 875 00:42:47,212 --> 00:42:50,015 And the assumption that we know everything This is not the way science works 876 00:42:50,016 --> 00:42:53,184 The science of pushing boundaries 877 00:42:53,185 --> 00:42:54,685 We continue to do so 878 00:42:54,686 --> 00:42:57,421 In ten years, if we did this program again 879 00:42:57,422 --> 00:43:00,793 I would not be surprised if we talked about new things